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We are now finishing up our 8th grade year and our experience here has been nothing short of amazing. My daughter needs an IEP and had not made any friends her 6th grade year in Howard County. We moved out of Howard County and into Carroll and I honestly didn't know what to think moving out of the raved about Howard County school system. I was really concerned about sending my oldest here when I realized just how big this school is. Do that, and you'll never find a better school. Give the teachers respect and they will respect you. Overall, this school is probably the best school you can go to as long as you work hard and pay attention. If you are going anywhere in the building that is not part of your schedule, such as getting a drink or going to the bathroom, the administration will be able to find out where you are in case of an emergency. The school is very secure, with automatic locking doors, sign-out sheets, and agendas. When you are in a classroom, it is up to the teacher. You may listen to music with one earbud in the hallways, cafeteria, and on the bus. The school has a good phone policy - you may use them for reading, you cannot take pictures of other students or even take them out in the bathroom at all. As long as you focus during FLEX at the end of the day you'll be fine. Some students complain about work and homework, but as an straight-A honor roll student I rarely have any homework to do at home. You can even spilt your music classes between chorus and band/orchestra, which many kids do. The music classes are amazing, as although you must take at least one music class, you have a choice between chorus, general music, guitar, and band/orchestra. The library at the school was a wide genre of books and a ton of them as well. That way students get to know the guidance counselors well and learn to trust them. The counselors rotate grades each year so that they stay with the same group of students for three years. Another effect of the school being so large is that there are three guidance counselors - one for each grade. Classes have about 20-30 students each, but each one still gets individual attention and assistance. The school has a ton of students - around 940 I believe - and because of that each grade is split into about three or fourteams, with a teacher for each subject on each. Pretty much all of the teachers talk over lunch about who is giving how much homework and when tests are so that students are not completely overwhelmed. The teachers here are very involved and understand that they are not the only ones giving homework. From 2022 To 2023, The Countdown Has Already Begun, Drums Of Happiness And Beats Of Excitement Have Made My Heart Run, Run.Sweetest Sunday, Marvellous Monday, Tasty Tuesday, Wonderful Wednesday, Thankful Thursday, Friendly Friday, Successful Saturday.HAPPY NEW YEAR 2023! I'm so pleased with all you've accomplished this year, and I can't wait to see what you'll accomplish in 2023!.Do all the good u can, By all the means u can, In all the ways u can, In all the places u can, At all the times u can Happy New Year 2023 :-).Thanx for everything.Wishing you all a pleasant, beautiful and rocking New Year 2023. This message is to the most memorable people of my life in 2022.Let's hope that the coming year provides us with a slew of fresh and interesting prospects.
"Aftermath", a collaboration with the Japanese director Tekken."Animals", a fanmade video from a competition the band held in late 2012.The very first thing you'll hear in Will of the People is the title sung by a choir.Drones appears in the lyrics of many songs throughout the album.The Resistance appears in the title and lyrics of "Resistance".Absolution appears in the title and lyrics of "Sing for Absolution".Black Holes and Revelations is a lyric in the song "Starlight".It's similar to the message of "Exogenesis", but far more cynical in its presentation. A comparison with the second law of thermodynamics is made, where Earth is an isolated system and the entropy of that system is only increasing because of humanity's self-indulgent apathy.
The amphipod enzyme "can produce glucose from biomass of trees, weeds, straw, as well as paper," he said. ( Read about biofuels in National Geographic magazine.) In addition to shedding light on amphipods, the discovery may one day help produce ethanol for biomass energy, Kobayashi said.Īt room temperature, one of the newfound wood-eating enzymes, a type of cellulase, broke down a sheet of plain paper into the simple sugar glucose, which can then be used to make ethanol. "In fact, a few of them bit into the wooden parts of ASHURA, the camera system on our baited traps." gigas are opportunists.įor instance, if a ship happened to sink into the Mariana Trench, "Hidonellea gigas would gladly eat it," he said. Study co-author Kobayashi also noted that H. "When the opportunity to feast arrives, they will literally gorge themselves to the point where they're about to burst." "We know that they're capable of starving themselves for a long time," Jamieson said. Jamieson added he isn't surprised by the finding, since it's already known the amphipods "eat almost anything." "They wouldn't waste energy creating that capability for nothing," he said. University of Aberdeen marine biologist Alan Jamieson agreed that the amphipods are using the enzymes to feed on wood. That product, cellobiose, "is a component of cellulose in plants and is never synthesized in animals," Kobayashi said. The team also detected the byproducts of wood digestion inside amphipod tissues, further supporting the wood-eating theory. (Also see "Pictures: New Armored, Wood-Eating Catfish Found in Amazon.") "We think the amphipods make the enzymes themselves in their gut," said Kobayashi, whose study appeared August 15 in the journal PLoS ONE. gigas does not seem to cultivate fungi or bacteria to aid its digestion. Similar digestive enzymes have been found in the guts of other plant-eating animals, such as termites. ( Video: How sound revealed that Challenger Deep is the deepest spot in the ocean.)īack in the lab, the research team identified the wood-digesting enzymes, which worked even better when the scientists re-created the high-pressure conditions of the deep ocean. Lowered into the Challenger Deep trench for three hours, the traps caught almost 200 amphipods. To collect the amphipods, the scientists baited traps partly made from recycled plastic bottles, Kobayashi said. (See "Pictures: 'Supergiant,' Shrimp-Like Beasts Found in Deep Sea.") "They are relying on sunken leftovers as their food," study co-author Hideki Kobayashi, a marine biologist from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, said in an email. This had scientists stumped-how do the amphipods get the nutrition to become relatively giant?Īnalysis of the Mariana Trench amphipods revealed the scavengers harbor powerful wood-busting enzymes that can digest "wood fall"-tree and plant debris swept into the ocean that occasionally sinks. gigas live in swarms at depths of or below 30,000 feet (10,000 meters), where very little food makes its way down from the surface. (See "James Cameron on Earth's Deepest Spot: Desolate, Lunar-Like.") gigas amphipods, which, at up to two inches (five centimeters) long, are huge among their kind-more than twice the size of their common beachside relatives, the sandhoppers. The specimens of Hirondellea gigas were collected in 2009 in the Mariana Trench's Challenger Deep, Earth's deepest point and the same location of National Geographic explorer and filmmaker James Cameron's record-breaking dive in March 2012.ĭuring his dive, Cameron also saw H. Deep-sea, shrimp-like crustaceans get big by munching on sunken wood, even from shipwrecks, according to a new study of amphipods. One of these is an R package, text2map, that I developed with Marshall Taylor. The rest are from eleven text analysis packages. Two are custom functions written in base R. The cells of the matrix are typically a count of how many times each unique word occurs in a given document (often called tokens).īelow, I attempt a comprehensive overview and comparison of 15 different methods for creating a DTM. What is a DTM? It is a matrix with rows and columns, where each document in some sample of texts (called a corpus) are the rows and the columns are all the unique words (often called types or vocabulary) in the corpus. The Document-Term Matrix (DTM) is the foundation of computational text analysis, and as a result there are several R packages that provide a means to build one. In this case we are going to replace them with 0.Original post on December 2020. In case you want to replace the values, you can detect the non-finite values using !is.finite and the NA values with the is.na function and then assign the values you want. # Remove all columns with non-finite valuesĬ You can remove the rows or the columns with non-finite values with the rowSums or colSums and is.finite functions. Consider, for instance, the following matrix: C <- matrix(c(14, NaN, 3, Inf, -5, 4, 1, NA), ncol = 4) Note that you can delete the rows or columns containing this values or replace them with other values. There are different types such that NA (Not Available), NaN (Not a Number) and Inf (Infinity) values. Sometimes you will need to deal with missing values. Remove NA, NaN and Inf values from matrix If you want to avoid this, set drop = FALSE. Note that when returning single rows or columns the output is a vector. 5 1 2 # First element of the first column dimnames(B) ]Īccessing matrix elements is similar to access dataframes in R. If you only want to return your column and row names you can use the dimnames function instead and access the elements of the list to get the row names or the column names. Moreover, with the attributes function you can access the dimension and the column and row labels of your matrices. Note that you could rename the matrix columns and rows the same way. Rownames(B) <- paste0("Row ", 1:nrow(B)) # EquivalentĬolnames(B) <- c("Column 1", "Column 2", "Column 3")Ĭolnames(B) <- paste0("Column ", 1:ncol(B)) # Equivalent You can assign names to the rows and columns of a matrix with the rownames and colnames functions. my_matrix <- matrix(1:12, ncol = 2, byrow = FALSE) Matrix(c("red", "green", "orange", "black"), ncol = 2) Īlso, you can know the dimensions of your matrix in R programming with the dim function. matrix(c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE), ncol = 2) Note you can use any data type inside a matrix, as long as they are homogeneous. Typeof(cbind(x, y)) # "double" # By columns # By rows Note that the output class can be checked with the class function and the class of the elements with the typeof function. If you have data stored in vectors or in the columns of a data frame, you can use the cbind for column binding or rbind for row binding and the output will be of class matrix. Matrix(data, ncol = 2, byrow = TRUE) # By columns # By rows Matrix(data, ncol = 2, nrow = 3) # Equivalent Matrix(data, ncol = 2, byrow = FALSE) # byrow = FALSE by default By default, the function will order the input by columns. Also, you can specify if the matrix is ordered by rows or by columns with the byrow argument. However, you can set the number of columns or the number of rows with the ncol and nrow arguments, respectively. data <- 1:6Īs you can observe in the output the function will create by default a matrix of one column and as many rows as the length of the vector. The matrix function allows creating a matrix data structure in R programming language, passing a numeric, character or logical vector. 3 Remove NA, NaN and Inf values from matrix.1.1 Add and delete column to matrix in R. You'll be wasting money each time you get a poor consistency, so make sure to use a professional wax heater and check that your working station isn't too hot or too cold. You can also reheat the wax as often as you want, but keep in mind that, for hard waxes, the process takes from 30 to 40 minutes. You can reheat the hard wax beads and use them at a later date, but only if you keep them clean. If you have put too many beads on your wax heater, it shouldn't be difficult to avoid touching / dirtying the beads you want to reuse, even after the wax has melted. Wax beads are useful when it comes to identifying the amount of wax you need for each treatment. Since hard waxes can be applied in the same area more than once, estheticians might use one layer twice to remove the hairs left on a previously treated portion of the skin. Not only are hard waxes more expensive than other hair removal formulas, but you will also run out of wax much faster because the wax requires thicker layers upon each application. While most salons take the proper measures to avoid double-dipping, it's not unheard of for them to reuse melted hard wax beads. Should I Reuse Wax Beads After a Treatment? Most hard body waxes have a low melting point to make the process more bearable on sensitive skins.Once you melt the wax beads, the resulting paste can be spread on the skin at a temperature that's warm enough to maintain the sticky consistency that's needed for hair removal. Professional hard waxes come in beads, and are usually sold in cans, jars, or bags.Hard waxes yield great results when used on facial skin and bikini wax services.This might give you problems when it's time to remove the strip and you might have to reapply the wax on the area to pull all the hairs. Hard waxes are prone to crack if you leave them on the skin for too long.It can be difficult to spread the wax evenly on the area before it cools off, so make sure to get familiar with the consistency before trying the wax on your clients. When you work with hard waxes, your wax strip must be on the thicker side to get a firm grasp on the hairs.They are removed without the help of a strip, so you must leave a small tail or flap at the edge of the wax layer to rip it off. Hard waxes are applied with a spatula.Some of the most important things you must know about hard waxes before going in: Hard body waxes don't adhere to the skin while grabbing the hairs, so they promise a gentle treatment and fewer strains on sensitive areas like the upper lip, cheeks, underarms, and the intimate area. There's no doubt that hard waxes are very popular among clients, and they are especially favored by those who suffer from a low pain tolerance. The best regarded practice is to throw away the wax that stays on the pot after a wax session, but many people can't help but wonder whether there can be exceptions to this rule, especially while working with hard wax beads. However, it can be frustrating to let too much leftover wax go to waste, especially when it comes to hard body waxes, which are known for being a bit more expensive. Waxing can be the ideal solution to forget about unwanted hairs for longer stretches of time. While the Torino chassis and body were given an extensive updates to extend the lifespan, the Torino became the Ford LTD II ("II" to distinguish the intermediate model line from the full-sized LTD). To further revive interest, other model lines were consolidated to reduce internal competition and overlap.Ĭentral to the model revision was the discontinuation of the Ford Torino, Gran Torino and Elite. As part of the model changes, several product lines were given midcycle updates. In terms of exterior footprint compared to full-sized sedans, the LTD II is longer in length and wheelbase and wider than the later Ford LTD Crown Victoria, Ford Crown Victoria, Ford Five Hundred, and the Ford Taurus ( fifth, sixth, and seventh-generation versions).Ī 1974 Ford Gran Torino Brougham (LTD II predecessor)įor the 1977 model year, Ford Motor Company made substantial revisions to its intermediate-segment product lines involving both the Ford and Mercury brands to help boost sales. The design of the Ford LTD II is notable as one of the largest vehicles ever produced as an intermediate, released just as the entire American auto industry began a period of downsizing. Offered in a two-door sedan, four-door sedan, and station wagon, the LTD II also served as a basis for the final generation of the Ford Ranchero coupe utility.ĭuring its production, the Lincoln-Mercury Division sold a version of the LTD II under the Mercury Cougar badge, replacing the Mercury Montego. Deriving its name from the full-sized Ford LTD model line, the intermediate LTD II consolidated the Ford Torino and Gran Torino model lines, with the Ford Elite replaced by the Ford Thunderbird. The Ford LTD II is an automobile produced and marketed by Ford Motor Company between 19 in the United States and Canada. Testosterone regulates gene expression in most extra-genital tissues, including muscle and bone, and modulates the immune system. Testosterone, the major androgen in men, is necessary for fetal male sexual differentiation, pubertal development, and the maintenance of adult secondary sex characteristics and spermatogenesis. Centers for Disease Control have voluntary Hormone Standardization Programs to help clinical, research, and public health laboratories maintain and enhance the quality and comparability of their results. The College of American Pathologists and the U.S. Endocrine Society has spearheaded efforts towards standardizing the methods by which testosterone assays are validated ( 1), and several societies have provided guidelines and recommendations to physicians who order and interpret the results of androgen assays ( 2- 4). In recognition of these potential shortcomings, the U.S. Endocrinologists should examine the protocols for each assay, and discuss them with the laboratory director. Unfortunately, these expectations are not always fulfilled. We expect the reference ranges to be based on large normal control populations, and for some assays, normative data must be stratified by age. Endocrinologists rely on clinical laboratories to provide accurate and precise, and in some cases highly sensitive assays for accurate diagnoses. Laboratory tests are an essential component of almost all evaluations, and proper interpretation of the results obtained requires an understanding of methodology as well as an awareness of the impact of endocrine rhythms, age, race, body composition, drug exposure, co-morbidities, other illnesses, and nutrition on tests of endocrine testicular function. The evaluation of men for suspected hypogonadism begins with a detailed medical history and a careful physical examination. For complete coverage of all related areas of Endocrinology, please visit our on-line FREE web-text, INTRODUCTION Other tests such as estradiol, inhibin-B, and Mullerian inhibitory hormone, and provocative endocrine tests using hCG, GnRH or its analogs, or antiandrogens or antiestrogens, and semen analysis in the subfertile male are discussed. With many disorders, however, both the testes and the hypothalamic-pituitary unit are affected. If testosterone deficiency is confirmed, the next step is to differentiate between primary and secondary hypogonadism by measuring LH and FSH. In these men, tests for the free (or non-SHBG/bioavailable) testosterone fraction testosterone) are helpful for an accurate diagnosis. Moreover, many men who present with adult onset testosterone deficiency have a low level of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. The laboratory diagnosis of hypogonadism is based on a consistent and unequivocally low serum total testosterone level measured in blood samples obtained in the early morning, but normal ranges vary with different methods and among laboratories. 10-40.Since the symptoms of hypogonadism are nonspecific, and the signs of testosterone deficiency can be subtle and slow to develop, the assessment of testicular function relies heavily on laboratory testing. (2023), "Manufacturing strategy 4.0: a framework to usher towards industry 4.0 implementation for digital transformation", Industrial Management & Data Systems, Vol. Citationĭohale, V., Verma, P., Gunasekaran, A. Finally, the authors appreciate the support provided by the Digital Manufacturing Lab (DML), NITIE, Mumbai, for providing the facility to conduct this research. The authors are immensely grateful to the experts for their continuous suggestions and active involvement that makes this work complete. The authors express their sincerest gratitude to the anonymous reviewers, guest editors and EIC for their constant feedback on the improvement of the manuscript. MS 4.0, to implement I4.0 technologies through a manufacturing strategic lens. This study is the first of its kind in the body of knowledge to formulate a digital transformation strategy, i.e. |